Prevalence of Mental Distress and Associated Factors among Undergraduate Students of University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Institutional Based Study ↔ Predictors of mental distress among undergraduate health science students of Hawassa University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa, SNNPR, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

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* berihunassefa21@gmail.com Abstract Background Mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; however, students have significantly high level of mental distress than their community peers. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of mental distress among undergraduate students of University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 836 students from April 9–11/ 2014. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using pretested and structured self-administered questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with mental distress among students. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was computed to determine the level of significance. Results Prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9%. Female sex (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI 1.17–2.30), lack of interest towards their field of study (AOR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.49–3.50), not having close friends (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.03–2.14), never attend religious programs (AOR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.02–2.46), conflict with friends (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.41–2.65), having financial distress (AOR1.49 = 95% CI 1.05, 2.10), family history of mental illness (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI 1.31–3.45), Ever use of Khat (AOR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.12–

EARLIER¶8-12

Conclusion The overall prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Currently mental distress is an important public health problem and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for one third of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [4, 5]. In Africa mental illness is an important public health challenge that is under recognized as a public burden. Studies conducted in South Africa revealed that the prevalence of common mental disorders is 27% [6] In Ethiopia mental disorders account for 11% of total burden of diseases [7]. Although mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; students have significantly high level of psychological distress than their community peers [8–10]. This is due to the fact that university students face multiple stressors such as academic load, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers, financial burden, peer, teacher or parental pressure as well as concerns about the future [11, 12]. This can have negative effects on student’s ability to study and academic outcomes [10, 13, 14]. Such situation of stress may later lead to mental health problems but students seldom seek help for their problems [15–17]. A study among undergraduate students in Canada showed that 30% of students had psychological distresses which was significantly higher than that of adults in the general population of Canada [18]. Furthermore, more than half of students in USA [19] 53% of students in Australia [20] 41.9% of students in Malaysia [21] 10.8% of students in Kenya [22] and 21.6% of students in Ethiopia [23] experienced mental distress. Another study in Ethiopia revealed that 32.6% of medical students experienced mental distress[24]. However, since this study was done only on medical students and with small sample size (273), it may not represent all University students in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study was done in 2001 which may not reflect the current status of mental distress among University students in Ethiopia. Even if mental problem was included in the national health policy of Ethiopia, interventions against the problem are very limited and lack of information about the problem is a contributory factor for poor mental health services. Hence, Epidemiological data which shows the burden of mental health problems in students over time is mandatory. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of mental distress and identify the associated factors for mental distress among university students. Results from this study will help in developing evidence based mental health promotion and disease prevention programs. Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 2 / 10 Methods Study design and period

EARLIER¶0-4

* berihunassefa21@gmail.com Abstract Background Mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; however, students have significantly high level of mental distress than their community peers. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of mental distress among undergraduate students of University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 836 students from April 9–11/ 2014. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using pretested and structured self-administered questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with mental distress among students. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was computed to determine the level of significance. Results Prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9%. Female sex (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI 1.17–2.30), lack of interest towards their field of study (AOR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.49–3.50), not having close friends (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.03–2.14), never attend religious programs (AOR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.02–2.46), conflict with friends (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.41–2.65), having financial distress (AOR1.49 = 95% CI 1.05, 2.10), family history of mental illness (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI 1.31–3.45), Ever use of Khat (AOR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.12– PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 1 / 10 a11111 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Dachew BA, Azale Bisetegn T, Berhe Gebremariam R (2015) Prevalence of Mental Distress and Associated Factors among Undergraduate Students of University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Institutional Based Study. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0119464. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464

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* berihunassefa21@gmail.com Abstract Background Mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; however, students have significantly high level of mental distress than their community peers. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of mental distress among undergraduate students of University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 836 students from April 9–11/ 2014. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using pretested and structured self-administered questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with mental distress among students. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was computed to determine the level of significance. Results Prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9%. Female sex (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI 1.17–2.30), lack of interest towards their field of study (AOR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.49–3.50), not having close friends (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.03–2.14), never attend religious programs (AOR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.02–2.46), conflict with friends (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.41–2.65), having financial distress (AOR1.49 = 95% CI 1.05, 2.10), family history of mental illness (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI 1.31–3.45), Ever use of Khat (AOR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.12– PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 1 / 10 a11111 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Dachew BA, Azale Bisetegn T, Berhe Gebremariam R (2015) Prevalence of Mental Distress and Associated Factors among Undergraduate Students of University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Institutional Based Study. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0119464. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464

EARLIER¶0-4

* berihunassefa21@gmail.com Abstract Background Mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; however, students have significantly high level of mental distress than their community peers. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of mental distress among undergraduate students of University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 836 students from April 9–11/ 2014. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using pretested and structured self-administered questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with mental distress among students. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was computed to determine the level of significance. Results Prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9%. Female sex (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI 1.17–2.30), lack of interest towards their field of study (AOR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.49–3.50), not having close friends (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.03–2.14), never attend religious programs (AOR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.02–2.46), conflict with friends (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.41–2.65), having financial distress (AOR1.49 = 95% CI 1.05, 2.10), family history of mental illness (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI 1.31–3.45), Ever use of Khat (AOR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.12– PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 1 / 10 a11111 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Dachew BA, Azale Bisetegn T, Berhe Gebremariam R (2015) Prevalence of Mental Distress and Associated Factors among Undergraduate Students of University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Institutional Based Study. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0119464. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464

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Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the manuscript and on Figshare via http://dx. doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1295936. Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 2.59), lower grade than anticipated(AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83), lack of vacation or break (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.06–2.02), and low social support(AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58– 4.22) were significantly associated with mental distress. Conclusion The overall prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Currently mental distress is an important public health problem and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for one third of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [4, 5]. In Africa mental illness is an important public health challenge that is under recognized as a public burden. Studies conducted in South Africa revealed that the prevalence of common mental disorders is 27% [6] In Ethiopia mental disorders account for 11% of total burden of diseases [7]. Although mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; students have significantly high level of psychological distress than their community peers [8–10]. This is due to the fact that university students face multiple stressors such as academic load, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers, financial burden, peer, teacher or parental pressure as well as concerns about the future [11, 12]. This can have negative effects on student’s ability to study and academic outcomes [10, 13, 14]. Such situation of stress may later lead to mental health problems but students seldom seek help for their problems [15–17]. A study among undergraduate students in Canada showed that 30% of students had psychological distresses which was significantly higher than that of adults in the general population of Canada [18]. Furthermore, more than half of students in USA [19] 53% of students in Australia [20] 41.9% of students in Malaysia [21] 10.8% of students in Kenya [22] and 21.6% of students in Ethiopia [23] experienced mental distress. Another study in Ethiopia revealed that 32.6% of medical students experienced mental distress[24]. However, since this study was done only on medical students and with small sample size (273), it may not represent all University students in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study was done in 2001 which may not reflect the current status of mental distress among University students in Ethiopia.

EARLIER¶53-57

In this study, social support was also found to be another determinant factor for mental distress in students. Having high level of social support from significant others were negatively associated with mental distress. In this study, students with low social support were more than two times more likely to have mental distress as compared to those students with high social support AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58–4.22). This finding is also supported by other studies [32, 44, 46]. This could be due to its effect on hypothalamic pitutary adrenocortical (HPA) system in reducing genetic and environmental vulnerabilities. Furthermore, It is also important for maintaining good physical and mental health [47]. Limitation of the study This study has some important limitations that should be kept in mind when interpreting the results. First, the cross-sectional nature of the study design does not confirm definitive cause and effect relationship. Furthermore, the study may prone to reporting bias since the data was collected based on self-reported information. Finally; reports for some of the questions were past history or encounters which are prone to recall bias. Conclusion and Recommendation The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. The prevalence of mental distress was relatively high among female students. Being female sex, lack of interest towards the field of study, not having close friends, never attend religious programs, conflict with friends, absence of pocket money, having financial distress, family history of mental illness, ever use of Khat, lower grade than anticipated, lack of vacation or break, and low to moderate social support were factors associated with mental distress. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Programs aimed at preventing mental distress need to address these identified factors of mental distress against students. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank facilitators and the study participants for their dedicated cooperation and made the study possible. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: BAD. Performed the experiments: BAD TAB RBG. Analyzed the data: BAD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BAD TAB RBG. Wrote the paper: BAD TAB RBG.

EARLIER¶53-57

In this study, social support was also found to be another determinant factor for mental distress in students. Having high level of social support from significant others were negatively associated with mental distress. In this study, students with low social support were more than two times more likely to have mental distress as compared to those students with high social support AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58–4.22). This finding is also supported by other studies [32, 44, 46]. This could be due to its effect on hypothalamic pitutary adrenocortical (HPA) system in reducing genetic and environmental vulnerabilities. Furthermore, It is also important for maintaining good physical and mental health [47]. Limitation of the study This study has some important limitations that should be kept in mind when interpreting the results. First, the cross-sectional nature of the study design does not confirm definitive cause and effect relationship. Furthermore, the study may prone to reporting bias since the data was collected based on self-reported information. Finally; reports for some of the questions were past history or encounters which are prone to recall bias. Conclusion and Recommendation The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. The prevalence of mental distress was relatively high among female students. Being female sex, lack of interest towards the field of study, not having close friends, never attend religious programs, conflict with friends, absence of pocket money, having financial distress, family history of mental illness, ever use of Khat, lower grade than anticipated, lack of vacation or break, and low to moderate social support were factors associated with mental distress. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Programs aimed at preventing mental distress need to address these identified factors of mental distress against students. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank facilitators and the study participants for their dedicated cooperation and made the study possible. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: BAD. Performed the experiments: BAD TAB RBG. Analyzed the data: BAD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BAD TAB RBG. Wrote the paper: BAD TAB RBG.

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Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the manuscript and on Figshare via http://dx. doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1295936. Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 2.59), lower grade than anticipated(AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83), lack of vacation or break (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.06–2.02), and low social support(AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58– 4.22) were significantly associated with mental distress. Conclusion The overall prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Currently mental distress is an important public health problem and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for one third of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [4, 5]. In Africa mental illness is an important public health challenge that is under recognized as a public burden. Studies conducted in South Africa revealed that the prevalence of common mental disorders is 27% [6] In Ethiopia mental disorders account for 11% of total burden of diseases [7]. Although mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; students have significantly high level of psychological distress than their community peers [8–10]. This is due to the fact that university students face multiple stressors such as academic load, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers, financial burden, peer, teacher or parental pressure as well as concerns about the future [11, 12]. This can have negative effects on student’s ability to study and academic outcomes [10, 13, 14]. Such situation of stress may later lead to mental health problems but students seldom seek help for their problems [15–17]. A study among undergraduate students in Canada showed that 30% of students had psychological distresses which was significantly higher than that of adults in the general population of Canada [18]. Furthermore, more than half of students in USA [19] 53% of students in Australia [20] 41.9% of students in Malaysia [21] 10.8% of students in Kenya [22] and 21.6% of students in Ethiopia [23] experienced mental distress. Another study in Ethiopia revealed that 32.6% of medical students experienced mental distress[24]. However, since this study was done only on medical students and with small sample size (273), it may not represent all University students in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study was done in 2001 which may not reflect the current status of mental distress among University students in Ethiopia.

EARLIER¶53-57

In this study, social support was also found to be another determinant factor for mental distress in students. Having high level of social support from significant others were negatively associated with mental distress. In this study, students with low social support were more than two times more likely to have mental distress as compared to those students with high social support AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58–4.22). This finding is also supported by other studies [32, 44, 46]. This could be due to its effect on hypothalamic pitutary adrenocortical (HPA) system in reducing genetic and environmental vulnerabilities. Furthermore, It is also important for maintaining good physical and mental health [47]. Limitation of the study This study has some important limitations that should be kept in mind when interpreting the results. First, the cross-sectional nature of the study design does not confirm definitive cause and effect relationship. Furthermore, the study may prone to reporting bias since the data was collected based on self-reported information. Finally; reports for some of the questions were past history or encounters which are prone to recall bias. Conclusion and Recommendation The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. The prevalence of mental distress was relatively high among female students. Being female sex, lack of interest towards the field of study, not having close friends, never attend religious programs, conflict with friends, absence of pocket money, having financial distress, family history of mental illness, ever use of Khat, lower grade than anticipated, lack of vacation or break, and low to moderate social support were factors associated with mental distress. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Programs aimed at preventing mental distress need to address these identified factors of mental distress against students. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank facilitators and the study participants for their dedicated cooperation and made the study possible. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: BAD. Performed the experiments: BAD TAB RBG. Analyzed the data: BAD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BAD TAB RBG. Wrote the paper: BAD TAB RBG.

EARLIER¶8-12

Conclusion The overall prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Currently mental distress is an important public health problem and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for one third of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [4, 5]. In Africa mental illness is an important public health challenge that is under recognized as a public burden. Studies conducted in South Africa revealed that the prevalence of common mental disorders is 27% [6] In Ethiopia mental disorders account for 11% of total burden of diseases [7]. Although mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; students have significantly high level of psychological distress than their community peers [8–10]. This is due to the fact that university students face multiple stressors such as academic load, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers, financial burden, peer, teacher or parental pressure as well as concerns about the future [11, 12]. This can have negative effects on student’s ability to study and academic outcomes [10, 13, 14]. Such situation of stress may later lead to mental health problems but students seldom seek help for their problems [15–17]. A study among undergraduate students in Canada showed that 30% of students had psychological distresses which was significantly higher than that of adults in the general population of Canada [18]. Furthermore, more than half of students in USA [19] 53% of students in Australia [20] 41.9% of students in Malaysia [21] 10.8% of students in Kenya [22] and 21.6% of students in Ethiopia [23] experienced mental distress. Another study in Ethiopia revealed that 32.6% of medical students experienced mental distress[24]. However, since this study was done only on medical students and with small sample size (273), it may not represent all University students in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study was done in 2001 which may not reflect the current status of mental distress among University students in Ethiopia. Even if mental problem was included in the national health policy of Ethiopia, interventions against the problem are very limited and lack of information about the problem is a contributory factor for poor mental health services. Hence, Epidemiological data which shows the burden of mental health problems in students over time is mandatory. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of mental distress and identify the associated factors for mental distress among university students. Results from this study will help in developing evidence based mental health promotion and disease prevention programs. Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 2 / 10 Methods Study design and period

EARLIER¶8-12

Conclusion The overall prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Currently mental distress is an important public health problem and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for one third of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [4, 5]. In Africa mental illness is an important public health challenge that is under recognized as a public burden. Studies conducted in South Africa revealed that the prevalence of common mental disorders is 27% [6] In Ethiopia mental disorders account for 11% of total burden of diseases [7]. Although mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; students have significantly high level of psychological distress than their community peers [8–10]. This is due to the fact that university students face multiple stressors such as academic load, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers, financial burden, peer, teacher or parental pressure as well as concerns about the future [11, 12]. This can have negative effects on student’s ability to study and academic outcomes [10, 13, 14]. Such situation of stress may later lead to mental health problems but students seldom seek help for their problems [15–17]. A study among undergraduate students in Canada showed that 30% of students had psychological distresses which was significantly higher than that of adults in the general population of Canada [18]. Furthermore, more than half of students in USA [19] 53% of students in Australia [20] 41.9% of students in Malaysia [21] 10.8% of students in Kenya [22] and 21.6% of students in Ethiopia [23] experienced mental distress. Another study in Ethiopia revealed that 32.6% of medical students experienced mental distress[24]. However, since this study was done only on medical students and with small sample size (273), it may not represent all University students in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study was done in 2001 which may not reflect the current status of mental distress among University students in Ethiopia. Even if mental problem was included in the national health policy of Ethiopia, interventions against the problem are very limited and lack of information about the problem is a contributory factor for poor mental health services. Hence, Epidemiological data which shows the burden of mental health problems in students over time is mandatory. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of mental distress and identify the associated factors for mental distress among university students. Results from this study will help in developing evidence based mental health promotion and disease prevention programs. Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 2 / 10 Methods Study design and period

EARLIER¶8-12

Conclusion The overall prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Currently mental distress is an important public health problem and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for one third of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [4, 5]. In Africa mental illness is an important public health challenge that is under recognized as a public burden. Studies conducted in South Africa revealed that the prevalence of common mental disorders is 27% [6] In Ethiopia mental disorders account for 11% of total burden of diseases [7]. Although mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; students have significantly high level of psychological distress than their community peers [8–10]. This is due to the fact that university students face multiple stressors such as academic load, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers, financial burden, peer, teacher or parental pressure as well as concerns about the future [11, 12]. This can have negative effects on student’s ability to study and academic outcomes [10, 13, 14]. Such situation of stress may later lead to mental health problems but students seldom seek help for their problems [15–17]. A study among undergraduate students in Canada showed that 30% of students had psychological distresses which was significantly higher than that of adults in the general population of Canada [18]. Furthermore, more than half of students in USA [19] 53% of students in Australia [20] 41.9% of students in Malaysia [21] 10.8% of students in Kenya [22] and 21.6% of students in Ethiopia [23] experienced mental distress. Another study in Ethiopia revealed that 32.6% of medical students experienced mental distress[24]. However, since this study was done only on medical students and with small sample size (273), it may not represent all University students in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study was done in 2001 which may not reflect the current status of mental distress among University students in Ethiopia. Even if mental problem was included in the national health policy of Ethiopia, interventions against the problem are very limited and lack of information about the problem is a contributory factor for poor mental health services. Hence, Epidemiological data which shows the burden of mental health problems in students over time is mandatory. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of mental distress and identify the associated factors for mental distress among university students. Results from this study will help in developing evidence based mental health promotion and disease prevention programs. Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 2 / 10 Methods Study design and period

EARLIER¶8-12

Conclusion The overall prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Currently mental distress is an important public health problem and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for one third of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [4, 5]. In Africa mental illness is an important public health challenge that is under recognized as a public burden. Studies conducted in South Africa revealed that the prevalence of common mental disorders is 27% [6] In Ethiopia mental disorders account for 11% of total burden of diseases [7]. Although mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; students have significantly high level of psychological distress than their community peers [8–10]. This is due to the fact that university students face multiple stressors such as academic load, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers, financial burden, peer, teacher or parental pressure as well as concerns about the future [11, 12]. This can have negative effects on student’s ability to study and academic outcomes [10, 13, 14]. Such situation of stress may later lead to mental health problems but students seldom seek help for their problems [15–17]. A study among undergraduate students in Canada showed that 30% of students had psychological distresses which was significantly higher than that of adults in the general population of Canada [18]. Furthermore, more than half of students in USA [19] 53% of students in Australia [20] 41.9% of students in Malaysia [21] 10.8% of students in Kenya [22] and 21.6% of students in Ethiopia [23] experienced mental distress. Another study in Ethiopia revealed that 32.6% of medical students experienced mental distress[24]. However, since this study was done only on medical students and with small sample size (273), it may not represent all University students in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study was done in 2001 which may not reflect the current status of mental distress among University students in Ethiopia. Even if mental problem was included in the national health policy of Ethiopia, interventions against the problem are very limited and lack of information about the problem is a contributory factor for poor mental health services. Hence, Epidemiological data which shows the burden of mental health problems in students over time is mandatory. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of mental distress and identify the associated factors for mental distress among university students. Results from this study will help in developing evidence based mental health promotion and disease prevention programs. Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 2 / 10 Methods Study design and period

EARLIER¶8-12

Conclusion The overall prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Currently mental distress is an important public health problem and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for one third of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [4, 5]. In Africa mental illness is an important public health challenge that is under recognized as a public burden. Studies conducted in South Africa revealed that the prevalence of common mental disorders is 27% [6] In Ethiopia mental disorders account for 11% of total burden of diseases [7]. Although mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; students have significantly high level of psychological distress than their community peers [8–10]. This is due to the fact that university students face multiple stressors such as academic load, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers, financial burden, peer, teacher or parental pressure as well as concerns about the future [11, 12]. This can have negative effects on student’s ability to study and academic outcomes [10, 13, 14]. Such situation of stress may later lead to mental health problems but students seldom seek help for their problems [15–17]. A study among undergraduate students in Canada showed that 30% of students had psychological distresses which was significantly higher than that of adults in the general population of Canada [18]. Furthermore, more than half of students in USA [19] 53% of students in Australia [20] 41.9% of students in Malaysia [21] 10.8% of students in Kenya [22] and 21.6% of students in Ethiopia [23] experienced mental distress. Another study in Ethiopia revealed that 32.6% of medical students experienced mental distress[24]. However, since this study was done only on medical students and with small sample size (273), it may not represent all University students in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study was done in 2001 which may not reflect the current status of mental distress among University students in Ethiopia. Even if mental problem was included in the national health policy of Ethiopia, interventions against the problem are very limited and lack of information about the problem is a contributory factor for poor mental health services. Hence, Epidemiological data which shows the burden of mental health problems in students over time is mandatory. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of mental distress and identify the associated factors for mental distress among university students. Results from this study will help in developing evidence based mental health promotion and disease prevention programs. Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 2 / 10 Methods Study design and period

EARLIER¶8-12

Conclusion The overall prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Currently mental distress is an important public health problem and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for one third of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [4, 5]. In Africa mental illness is an important public health challenge that is under recognized as a public burden. Studies conducted in South Africa revealed that the prevalence of common mental disorders is 27% [6] In Ethiopia mental disorders account for 11% of total burden of diseases [7]. Although mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; students have significantly high level of psychological distress than their community peers [8–10]. This is due to the fact that university students face multiple stressors such as academic load, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers, financial burden, peer, teacher or parental pressure as well as concerns about the future [11, 12]. This can have negative effects on student’s ability to study and academic outcomes [10, 13, 14]. Such situation of stress may later lead to mental health problems but students seldom seek help for their problems [15–17]. A study among undergraduate students in Canada showed that 30% of students had psychological distresses which was significantly higher than that of adults in the general population of Canada [18]. Furthermore, more than half of students in USA [19] 53% of students in Australia [20] 41.9% of students in Malaysia [21] 10.8% of students in Kenya [22] and 21.6% of students in Ethiopia [23] experienced mental distress. Another study in Ethiopia revealed that 32.6% of medical students experienced mental distress[24]. However, since this study was done only on medical students and with small sample size (273), it may not represent all University students in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study was done in 2001 which may not reflect the current status of mental distress among University students in Ethiopia. Even if mental problem was included in the national health policy of Ethiopia, interventions against the problem are very limited and lack of information about the problem is a contributory factor for poor mental health services. Hence, Epidemiological data which shows the burden of mental health problems in students over time is mandatory. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of mental distress and identify the associated factors for mental distress among university students. Results from this study will help in developing evidence based mental health promotion and disease prevention programs. Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 2 / 10 Methods Study design and period

EARLIER¶13-17

Institution based cross sectional study was used to determine the prevalence of mental distress and associated factors among University of Gondar undergraduate students from April 9–11/ 2014. The study was conducted in University of Gondar, which is located 748 KM away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, to the Northwest direction. The study subjects for this study were regular undergraduate students in the University of Gondar. There are about 15,723 regular undergraduate students enrolled in 2013/2014 academic year in the University. Sampling technique Sample size was determined by single population proportion formula using EPI INFO stat calc program with the assumption of population size 15,723, 95% level of confidence, 4% of marginal error, and taking prevalence of mental distress 21.6% [23]. Considering the design effect of two and 10% non response rate, the final sample size became 872. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data collection tools and procedures Data were collected using structured self administered questionnaire having five parts. The first part contains socio-demographic characteristics of students. The second part of the questionnaire is a Self Reporting Questionnaire. In this study self reporting questionnaire was used to estimate the prevalence of mental distress in students. This self reporting questionnaire (referred to as the SRQ-20) is a standardized questionnaire having 20 item questions, originally developed by World Health Organization (WHO) designed to indicate mental distress [25]. The tool is adopted from WHO and was validated in low and middle income countries including Ethiopia [26, 27]. In this study, students who were found to have 8 or more symptoms of the 20 items self reporting questionnaires (SRQ-20) in the last 4 weeks were considered as having mental distress. The cutoff point was used based on the reports from the validation study of SRQ-20 that gave the highest sensitivity and specificity which corresponds to a cut-off point of 8 [26]. Third part of the questionnaire is asking about behavioral factors, which includes history of substance use (like Alcohol use, Khat chewing, cigarette smoking, Shisha and sedative use) of students. The fourth part of the questionnaire is assessing about academic factors and the last part of the questionnaire is assessing about social support using 12-item Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Tool [28]. The items are divided in to factor groups relating to the source of social support namely family, friends and significant others. Each item is scored from one (Very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree). The total sum of all the 12 items possibly ranges from 12 to 84. A score 69–84 considered as high level of social support whereas a score of 49–68 and 12–48 were considered as moderate and low level of social support respectively. The reliability of the tool was checked using Cronbach’s alpha reliability test with a score of 0.82 (95% CI 0.801–0.837). One MSc in mental health supervisor and nine nurse professional facilitators were employed and trained for half a day about the purpose of the study, timely collection of data and overall data collection procedure. English version questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data quality control To assure the quality of the data the questionnaire was pre-tested 1 week before the actual data collection time on 50 undergraduate students at Debretabour University and appropriate modification was made. Training was given for the supervisor and the facilitators. During the

EARLIER¶13-17

Institution based cross sectional study was used to determine the prevalence of mental distress and associated factors among University of Gondar undergraduate students from April 9–11/ 2014. The study was conducted in University of Gondar, which is located 748 KM away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, to the Northwest direction. The study subjects for this study were regular undergraduate students in the University of Gondar. There are about 15,723 regular undergraduate students enrolled in 2013/2014 academic year in the University. Sampling technique Sample size was determined by single population proportion formula using EPI INFO stat calc program with the assumption of population size 15,723, 95% level of confidence, 4% of marginal error, and taking prevalence of mental distress 21.6% [23]. Considering the design effect of two and 10% non response rate, the final sample size became 872. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data collection tools and procedures Data were collected using structured self administered questionnaire having five parts. The first part contains socio-demographic characteristics of students. The second part of the questionnaire is a Self Reporting Questionnaire. In this study self reporting questionnaire was used to estimate the prevalence of mental distress in students. This self reporting questionnaire (referred to as the SRQ-20) is a standardized questionnaire having 20 item questions, originally developed by World Health Organization (WHO) designed to indicate mental distress [25]. The tool is adopted from WHO and was validated in low and middle income countries including Ethiopia [26, 27]. In this study, students who were found to have 8 or more symptoms of the 20 items self reporting questionnaires (SRQ-20) in the last 4 weeks were considered as having mental distress. The cutoff point was used based on the reports from the validation study of SRQ-20 that gave the highest sensitivity and specificity which corresponds to a cut-off point of 8 [26]. Third part of the questionnaire is asking about behavioral factors, which includes history of substance use (like Alcohol use, Khat chewing, cigarette smoking, Shisha and sedative use) of students. The fourth part of the questionnaire is assessing about academic factors and the last part of the questionnaire is assessing about social support using 12-item Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Tool [28]. The items are divided in to factor groups relating to the source of social support namely family, friends and significant others. Each item is scored from one (Very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree). The total sum of all the 12 items possibly ranges from 12 to 84. A score 69–84 considered as high level of social support whereas a score of 49–68 and 12–48 were considered as moderate and low level of social support respectively. The reliability of the tool was checked using Cronbach’s alpha reliability test with a score of 0.82 (95% CI 0.801–0.837). One MSc in mental health supervisor and nine nurse professional facilitators were employed and trained for half a day about the purpose of the study, timely collection of data and overall data collection procedure. English version questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data quality control To assure the quality of the data the questionnaire was pre-tested 1 week before the actual data collection time on 50 undergraduate students at Debretabour University and appropriate modification was made. Training was given for the supervisor and the facilitators. During the

EARLIER¶13-17

Institution based cross sectional study was used to determine the prevalence of mental distress and associated factors among University of Gondar undergraduate students from April 9–11/ 2014. The study was conducted in University of Gondar, which is located 748 KM away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, to the Northwest direction. The study subjects for this study were regular undergraduate students in the University of Gondar. There are about 15,723 regular undergraduate students enrolled in 2013/2014 academic year in the University. Sampling technique Sample size was determined by single population proportion formula using EPI INFO stat calc program with the assumption of population size 15,723, 95% level of confidence, 4% of marginal error, and taking prevalence of mental distress 21.6% [23]. Considering the design effect of two and 10% non response rate, the final sample size became 872. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data collection tools and procedures Data were collected using structured self administered questionnaire having five parts. The first part contains socio-demographic characteristics of students. The second part of the questionnaire is a Self Reporting Questionnaire. In this study self reporting questionnaire was used to estimate the prevalence of mental distress in students. This self reporting questionnaire (referred to as the SRQ-20) is a standardized questionnaire having 20 item questions, originally developed by World Health Organization (WHO) designed to indicate mental distress [25]. The tool is adopted from WHO and was validated in low and middle income countries including Ethiopia [26, 27]. In this study, students who were found to have 8 or more symptoms of the 20 items self reporting questionnaires (SRQ-20) in the last 4 weeks were considered as having mental distress. The cutoff point was used based on the reports from the validation study of SRQ-20 that gave the highest sensitivity and specificity which corresponds to a cut-off point of 8 [26]. Third part of the questionnaire is asking about behavioral factors, which includes history of substance use (like Alcohol use, Khat chewing, cigarette smoking, Shisha and sedative use) of students. The fourth part of the questionnaire is assessing about academic factors and the last part of the questionnaire is assessing about social support using 12-item Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Tool [28]. The items are divided in to factor groups relating to the source of social support namely family, friends and significant others. Each item is scored from one (Very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree). The total sum of all the 12 items possibly ranges from 12 to 84. A score 69–84 considered as high level of social support whereas a score of 49–68 and 12–48 were considered as moderate and low level of social support respectively. The reliability of the tool was checked using Cronbach’s alpha reliability test with a score of 0.82 (95% CI 0.801–0.837). One MSc in mental health supervisor and nine nurse professional facilitators were employed and trained for half a day about the purpose of the study, timely collection of data and overall data collection procedure. English version questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data quality control To assure the quality of the data the questionnaire was pre-tested 1 week before the actual data collection time on 50 undergraduate students at Debretabour University and appropriate modification was made. Training was given for the supervisor and the facilitators. During the

EARLIER¶13-17

Institution based cross sectional study was used to determine the prevalence of mental distress and associated factors among University of Gondar undergraduate students from April 9–11/ 2014. The study was conducted in University of Gondar, which is located 748 KM away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, to the Northwest direction. The study subjects for this study were regular undergraduate students in the University of Gondar. There are about 15,723 regular undergraduate students enrolled in 2013/2014 academic year in the University. Sampling technique Sample size was determined by single population proportion formula using EPI INFO stat calc program with the assumption of population size 15,723, 95% level of confidence, 4% of marginal error, and taking prevalence of mental distress 21.6% [23]. Considering the design effect of two and 10% non response rate, the final sample size became 872. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data collection tools and procedures Data were collected using structured self administered questionnaire having five parts. The first part contains socio-demographic characteristics of students. The second part of the questionnaire is a Self Reporting Questionnaire. In this study self reporting questionnaire was used to estimate the prevalence of mental distress in students. This self reporting questionnaire (referred to as the SRQ-20) is a standardized questionnaire having 20 item questions, originally developed by World Health Organization (WHO) designed to indicate mental distress [25]. The tool is adopted from WHO and was validated in low and middle income countries including Ethiopia [26, 27]. In this study, students who were found to have 8 or more symptoms of the 20 items self reporting questionnaires (SRQ-20) in the last 4 weeks were considered as having mental distress. The cutoff point was used based on the reports from the validation study of SRQ-20 that gave the highest sensitivity and specificity which corresponds to a cut-off point of 8 [26]. Third part of the questionnaire is asking about behavioral factors, which includes history of substance use (like Alcohol use, Khat chewing, cigarette smoking, Shisha and sedative use) of students. The fourth part of the questionnaire is assessing about academic factors and the last part of the questionnaire is assessing about social support using 12-item Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Tool [28]. The items are divided in to factor groups relating to the source of social support namely family, friends and significant others. Each item is scored from one (Very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree). The total sum of all the 12 items possibly ranges from 12 to 84. A score 69–84 considered as high level of social support whereas a score of 49–68 and 12–48 were considered as moderate and low level of social support respectively. The reliability of the tool was checked using Cronbach’s alpha reliability test with a score of 0.82 (95% CI 0.801–0.837). One MSc in mental health supervisor and nine nurse professional facilitators were employed and trained for half a day about the purpose of the study, timely collection of data and overall data collection procedure. English version questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data quality control To assure the quality of the data the questionnaire was pre-tested 1 week before the actual data collection time on 50 undergraduate students at Debretabour University and appropriate modification was made. Training was given for the supervisor and the facilitators. During the

EARLIER¶13-17

Institution based cross sectional study was used to determine the prevalence of mental distress and associated factors among University of Gondar undergraduate students from April 9–11/ 2014. The study was conducted in University of Gondar, which is located 748 KM away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, to the Northwest direction. The study subjects for this study were regular undergraduate students in the University of Gondar. There are about 15,723 regular undergraduate students enrolled in 2013/2014 academic year in the University. Sampling technique Sample size was determined by single population proportion formula using EPI INFO stat calc program with the assumption of population size 15,723, 95% level of confidence, 4% of marginal error, and taking prevalence of mental distress 21.6% [23]. Considering the design effect of two and 10% non response rate, the final sample size became 872. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data collection tools and procedures Data were collected using structured self administered questionnaire having five parts. The first part contains socio-demographic characteristics of students. The second part of the questionnaire is a Self Reporting Questionnaire. In this study self reporting questionnaire was used to estimate the prevalence of mental distress in students. This self reporting questionnaire (referred to as the SRQ-20) is a standardized questionnaire having 20 item questions, originally developed by World Health Organization (WHO) designed to indicate mental distress [25]. The tool is adopted from WHO and was validated in low and middle income countries including Ethiopia [26, 27]. In this study, students who were found to have 8 or more symptoms of the 20 items self reporting questionnaires (SRQ-20) in the last 4 weeks were considered as having mental distress. The cutoff point was used based on the reports from the validation study of SRQ-20 that gave the highest sensitivity and specificity which corresponds to a cut-off point of 8 [26]. Third part of the questionnaire is asking about behavioral factors, which includes history of substance use (like Alcohol use, Khat chewing, cigarette smoking, Shisha and sedative use) of students. The fourth part of the questionnaire is assessing about academic factors and the last part of the questionnaire is assessing about social support using 12-item Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Tool [28]. The items are divided in to factor groups relating to the source of social support namely family, friends and significant others. Each item is scored from one (Very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree). The total sum of all the 12 items possibly ranges from 12 to 84. A score 69–84 considered as high level of social support whereas a score of 49–68 and 12–48 were considered as moderate and low level of social support respectively. The reliability of the tool was checked using Cronbach’s alpha reliability test with a score of 0.82 (95% CI 0.801–0.837). One MSc in mental health supervisor and nine nurse professional facilitators were employed and trained for half a day about the purpose of the study, timely collection of data and overall data collection procedure. English version questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data quality control To assure the quality of the data the questionnaire was pre-tested 1 week before the actual data collection time on 50 undergraduate students at Debretabour University and appropriate modification was made. Training was given for the supervisor and the facilitators. During the

EARLIER¶13-17

Institution based cross sectional study was used to determine the prevalence of mental distress and associated factors among University of Gondar undergraduate students from April 9–11/ 2014. The study was conducted in University of Gondar, which is located 748 KM away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, to the Northwest direction. The study subjects for this study were regular undergraduate students in the University of Gondar. There are about 15,723 regular undergraduate students enrolled in 2013/2014 academic year in the University. Sampling technique Sample size was determined by single population proportion formula using EPI INFO stat calc program with the assumption of population size 15,723, 95% level of confidence, 4% of marginal error, and taking prevalence of mental distress 21.6% [23]. Considering the design effect of two and 10% non response rate, the final sample size became 872. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data collection tools and procedures Data were collected using structured self administered questionnaire having five parts. The first part contains socio-demographic characteristics of students. The second part of the questionnaire is a Self Reporting Questionnaire. In this study self reporting questionnaire was used to estimate the prevalence of mental distress in students. This self reporting questionnaire (referred to as the SRQ-20) is a standardized questionnaire having 20 item questions, originally developed by World Health Organization (WHO) designed to indicate mental distress [25]. The tool is adopted from WHO and was validated in low and middle income countries including Ethiopia [26, 27]. In this study, students who were found to have 8 or more symptoms of the 20 items self reporting questionnaires (SRQ-20) in the last 4 weeks were considered as having mental distress. The cutoff point was used based on the reports from the validation study of SRQ-20 that gave the highest sensitivity and specificity which corresponds to a cut-off point of 8 [26]. Third part of the questionnaire is asking about behavioral factors, which includes history of substance use (like Alcohol use, Khat chewing, cigarette smoking, Shisha and sedative use) of students. The fourth part of the questionnaire is assessing about academic factors and the last part of the questionnaire is assessing about social support using 12-item Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Tool [28]. The items are divided in to factor groups relating to the source of social support namely family, friends and significant others. Each item is scored from one (Very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree). The total sum of all the 12 items possibly ranges from 12 to 84. A score 69–84 considered as high level of social support whereas a score of 49–68 and 12–48 were considered as moderate and low level of social support respectively. The reliability of the tool was checked using Cronbach’s alpha reliability test with a score of 0.82 (95% CI 0.801–0.837). One MSc in mental health supervisor and nine nurse professional facilitators were employed and trained for half a day about the purpose of the study, timely collection of data and overall data collection procedure. English version questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data quality control To assure the quality of the data the questionnaire was pre-tested 1 week before the actual data collection time on 50 undergraduate students at Debretabour University and appropriate modification was made. Training was given for the supervisor and the facilitators. During the

EARLIER¶13-17

Institution based cross sectional study was used to determine the prevalence of mental distress and associated factors among University of Gondar undergraduate students from April 9–11/ 2014. The study was conducted in University of Gondar, which is located 748 KM away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, to the Northwest direction. The study subjects for this study were regular undergraduate students in the University of Gondar. There are about 15,723 regular undergraduate students enrolled in 2013/2014 academic year in the University. Sampling technique Sample size was determined by single population proportion formula using EPI INFO stat calc program with the assumption of population size 15,723, 95% level of confidence, 4% of marginal error, and taking prevalence of mental distress 21.6% [23]. Considering the design effect of two and 10% non response rate, the final sample size became 872. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data collection tools and procedures Data were collected using structured self administered questionnaire having five parts. The first part contains socio-demographic characteristics of students. The second part of the questionnaire is a Self Reporting Questionnaire. In this study self reporting questionnaire was used to estimate the prevalence of mental distress in students. This self reporting questionnaire (referred to as the SRQ-20) is a standardized questionnaire having 20 item questions, originally developed by World Health Organization (WHO) designed to indicate mental distress [25]. The tool is adopted from WHO and was validated in low and middle income countries including Ethiopia [26, 27]. In this study, students who were found to have 8 or more symptoms of the 20 items self reporting questionnaires (SRQ-20) in the last 4 weeks were considered as having mental distress. The cutoff point was used based on the reports from the validation study of SRQ-20 that gave the highest sensitivity and specificity which corresponds to a cut-off point of 8 [26]. Third part of the questionnaire is asking about behavioral factors, which includes history of substance use (like Alcohol use, Khat chewing, cigarette smoking, Shisha and sedative use) of students. The fourth part of the questionnaire is assessing about academic factors and the last part of the questionnaire is assessing about social support using 12-item Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Tool [28]. The items are divided in to factor groups relating to the source of social support namely family, friends and significant others. Each item is scored from one (Very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree). The total sum of all the 12 items possibly ranges from 12 to 84. A score 69–84 considered as high level of social support whereas a score of 49–68 and 12–48 were considered as moderate and low level of social support respectively. The reliability of the tool was checked using Cronbach’s alpha reliability test with a score of 0.82 (95% CI 0.801–0.837). One MSc in mental health supervisor and nine nurse professional facilitators were employed and trained for half a day about the purpose of the study, timely collection of data and overall data collection procedure. English version questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data quality control To assure the quality of the data the questionnaire was pre-tested 1 week before the actual data collection time on 50 undergraduate students at Debretabour University and appropriate modification was made. Training was given for the supervisor and the facilitators. During the

EARLIER¶16-20

One MSc in mental health supervisor and nine nurse professional facilitators were employed and trained for half a day about the purpose of the study, timely collection of data and overall data collection procedure. English version questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data quality control To assure the quality of the data the questionnaire was pre-tested 1 week before the actual data collection time on 50 undergraduate students at Debretabour University and appropriate modification was made. Training was given for the supervisor and the facilitators. During the Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 3 / 10 course of the data collection, facilitators were supervised at each site. The collected data were reviewed and checked for completeness before data entry and incomplete data were discarded. Data processing and analysis Data clean up and cross-checking were done before analysis. Data were checked, coded and entered to EPI INFO version 7 then it was exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Both descriptive and analytical statistical procedures were utilized. Descriptive statistics like percentage mean and standard deviation were used for the presentation of demographic data and prevalence of mental distress. Tables were also used for data presentation. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with mental distress among the students. Multiple logistic regression model was fitted to control the possible effect of confounders and finally the variables which had independent association with mental distress were identified on the basis of OR, with 95%CI and p-value less than 0.05. The variables were entered to the multivariate model using the Backward Stepwise regression method. Model fitness was checked using Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of a fit test (P = 0.77). Ethics statement The study was approved by the Institute Review Board (IRB) of the University of Gondar. Written Informed consent was obtained from respondents who were selected to participate in the study.

EARLIER¶17-21

Data quality control To assure the quality of the data the questionnaire was pre-tested 1 week before the actual data collection time on 50 undergraduate students at Debretabour University and appropriate modification was made. Training was given for the supervisor and the facilitators. During the Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 3 / 10 course of the data collection, facilitators were supervised at each site. The collected data were reviewed and checked for completeness before data entry and incomplete data were discarded. Data processing and analysis Data clean up and cross-checking were done before analysis. Data were checked, coded and entered to EPI INFO version 7 then it was exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Both descriptive and analytical statistical procedures were utilized. Descriptive statistics like percentage mean and standard deviation were used for the presentation of demographic data and prevalence of mental distress. Tables were also used for data presentation. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with mental distress among the students. Multiple logistic regression model was fitted to control the possible effect of confounders and finally the variables which had independent association with mental distress were identified on the basis of OR, with 95%CI and p-value less than 0.05. The variables were entered to the multivariate model using the Backward Stepwise regression method. Model fitness was checked using Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of a fit test (P = 0.77). Ethics statement The study was approved by the Institute Review Board (IRB) of the University of Gondar. Written Informed consent was obtained from respondents who were selected to participate in the study. Results Socio demographic characteristics of the respondents Out of 872 study participants, 836 students participated in the study giving response rate of 95.87%. Most 538 (64.4%) respondents were male. The mean (standard deviation) age of the respondents was 20 (±1.54) years. The higher percentages of the respondents were from urban background 544 (65.1%). About three fourth of the respondents 618 (73.9%) were followers of Orthodox Christianity and majority of the respondents 714 (85.5%) take part in religious practice. About 270 (32.3%) of the respondents were from faculty of technology and more than one third of the respondents 286 (34.2%) were first year in academic enrollment. Out of the total respondents 675(80.7%) joined the department by their choice and most 706 (84.4%) were currently interested in their felid of study. Five hundred twenty one (62.3%) of the respondents had pocket money ranging from minimum of 50 to maximum of 2000 Ethiopian birr per month and 97(11.6%) of the respondents had family history of mental illness (Table 1).

EARLIER¶19-23

Data processing and analysis Data clean up and cross-checking were done before analysis. Data were checked, coded and entered to EPI INFO version 7 then it was exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Both descriptive and analytical statistical procedures were utilized. Descriptive statistics like percentage mean and standard deviation were used for the presentation of demographic data and prevalence of mental distress. Tables were also used for data presentation. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with mental distress among the students. Multiple logistic regression model was fitted to control the possible effect of confounders and finally the variables which had independent association with mental distress were identified on the basis of OR, with 95%CI and p-value less than 0.05. The variables were entered to the multivariate model using the Backward Stepwise regression method. Model fitness was checked using Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of a fit test (P = 0.77). Ethics statement The study was approved by the Institute Review Board (IRB) of the University of Gondar. Written Informed consent was obtained from respondents who were selected to participate in the study. Results Socio demographic characteristics of the respondents Out of 872 study participants, 836 students participated in the study giving response rate of 95.87%. Most 538 (64.4%) respondents were male. The mean (standard deviation) age of the respondents was 20 (±1.54) years. The higher percentages of the respondents were from urban background 544 (65.1%). About three fourth of the respondents 618 (73.9%) were followers of Orthodox Christianity and majority of the respondents 714 (85.5%) take part in religious practice. About 270 (32.3%) of the respondents were from faculty of technology and more than one third of the respondents 286 (34.2%) were first year in academic enrollment. Out of the total respondents 675(80.7%) joined the department by their choice and most 706 (84.4%) were currently interested in their felid of study. Five hundred twenty one (62.3%) of the respondents had pocket money ranging from minimum of 50 to maximum of 2000 Ethiopian birr per month and 97(11.6%) of the respondents had family history of mental illness (Table 1). Prevalence of mental distress Prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9% (95% CI 37.6, 44.1%). Relatively high (44.6%) prevalence of mental distress was found among female students as compared to males (38.8%). The distribution of SRQ-20 showed a mean score of 6.53 (±4.14) ranging from 0 to 20. Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 4 / 10 vacation or break, and social support were significantly associated factors of mental distress among respondents (Table 2).

EARLIER¶22-26

Prevalence of mental distress Prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9% (95% CI 37.6, 44.1%). Relatively high (44.6%) prevalence of mental distress was found among female students as compared to males (38.8%). The distribution of SRQ-20 showed a mean score of 6.53 (±4.14) ranging from 0 to 20. Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 4 / 10 vacation or break, and social support were significantly associated factors of mental distress among respondents (Table 2). Discussion The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9% in the current study. This finding is lower as compared to studies in USA (57%) [19] Australia (53%) [20] and Brazil (44.7%) [29]. The difference could be attributed to the socio, cultural and environmental factors. It was also lower when compared with study in Hawassa University, Ethiopia 49.1% [30]. This might be due to time variation; the improvement of infrastructure and a service option provided by school authorities from time to time. However, the prevalence in the current study was higher when compared with studies in France (25.7%) [31], Norway (22.9%) [32], Iceland (22.5%) [33] and Australia (19.2%) [10]. Table 1. Socio demographic characteristics of the respondents, University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, April 2014 (n = 836). Variables Frequency Percent (%)

EARLIER¶23-27

Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 4 / 10 vacation or break, and social support were significantly associated factors of mental distress among respondents (Table 2). Discussion The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9% in the current study. This finding is lower as compared to studies in USA (57%) [19] Australia (53%) [20] and Brazil (44.7%) [29]. The difference could be attributed to the socio, cultural and environmental factors. It was also lower when compared with study in Hawassa University, Ethiopia 49.1% [30]. This might be due to time variation; the improvement of infrastructure and a service option provided by school authorities from time to time. However, the prevalence in the current study was higher when compared with studies in France (25.7%) [31], Norway (22.9%) [32], Iceland (22.5%) [33] and Australia (19.2%) [10]. Table 1. Socio demographic characteristics of the respondents, University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, April 2014 (n = 836). Variables Frequency Percent (%) Age in years
19 160 19.1 20–24 658 78.7 25+ 18 2.2 Sex Male 538 64.4 Female 298 35.6 Residence Urban 544 65.1 Rural 292 34.9 Religion Orthodox Christian 618 73.9

EARLIER¶30-34

Department choice Preferred 675 80.7 Not preferred 161 19.3 Year of enrollment 1st 286 34.2 2nd 250 29.9 3rd 256 30.6 4th and above 44 5.3 Have pocket money Yes 521 62.3 No 315 37.7 Family history of mental illness Yes 97 11.6 No 739 88.4 Other* stands for: 2 Jubbah witness, 1 waqefata and 2 no religion doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464.t001 Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 5 / 10 This could be due to the different instrument used in other studies or it could be a real difference. However, nearly similar prevalence was reported in Malaysia’s study (41.9%) [21]. The prevalence of mental distress in this study was higher among female students as compared to their male counterparts. Similarly; the likelihood of mental distress was higher among Table 2. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with mental distress among students, University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, April 2014 (n = 836).

EARLIER¶8-12

Conclusion The overall prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Currently mental distress is an important public health problem and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for one third of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [4, 5]. In Africa mental illness is an important public health challenge that is under recognized as a public burden. Studies conducted in South Africa revealed that the prevalence of common mental disorders is 27% [6] In Ethiopia mental disorders account for 11% of total burden of diseases [7]. Although mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; students have significantly high level of psychological distress than their community peers [8–10]. This is due to the fact that university students face multiple stressors such as academic load, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers, financial burden, peer, teacher or parental pressure as well as concerns about the future [11, 12]. This can have negative effects on student’s ability to study and academic outcomes [10, 13, 14]. Such situation of stress may later lead to mental health problems but students seldom seek help for their problems [15–17]. A study among undergraduate students in Canada showed that 30% of students had psychological distresses which was significantly higher than that of adults in the general population of Canada [18]. Furthermore, more than half of students in USA [19] 53% of students in Australia [20] 41.9% of students in Malaysia [21] 10.8% of students in Kenya [22] and 21.6% of students in Ethiopia [23] experienced mental distress. Another study in Ethiopia revealed that 32.6% of medical students experienced mental distress[24]. However, since this study was done only on medical students and with small sample size (273), it may not represent all University students in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study was done in 2001 which may not reflect the current status of mental distress among University students in Ethiopia. Even if mental problem was included in the national health policy of Ethiopia, interventions against the problem are very limited and lack of information about the problem is a contributory factor for poor mental health services. Hence, Epidemiological data which shows the burden of mental health problems in students over time is mandatory. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of mental distress and identify the associated factors for mental distress among university students. Results from this study will help in developing evidence based mental health promotion and disease prevention programs. Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 2 / 10 Methods Study design and period

EARLIER¶48-52

The study also found that mental distress was significantly associated with religious practice. Students who were involved in religious program, irrespective of their religion, were less likely to be mentally distressed. This finding is supported by the other studies done in Ethiopia [23, 37]. This could be due to the fact that religious teaching helps in stress management. Furthermore, it facilitates the development of adaptive behaviors [41, 42] On the other hand, students who ever had conflict with their room mates were mentally distressed (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.41–2.65). This finding is consistent with a study in Adama University [23]. This might be due to the fact that, campus life where students live together in a group; conflicts may break social ties and might result in a stressful situation. In addition, ever use of khat was found to be a significant factor of mental distress. Students who ever use khat were 1.7 times more likely to have mental distress as compared to students who never use khat. This finding is in line with other studies in Ethiopia [23, 43]and Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil [44]. This may be due to the fact that substance use leads to inefficiency in life function, impaired relationship and sleep difficulty. Furthermore, substance use is associated with increased absenteeism from class and poor cadmic performance which can further lead to mental distress in students [45]. However, since the study is a cross-sectional, it is difficult to ascertain the direction of causality. Academic factors were found to be other factors associated with mental distress. Students whose grade was lower than anticipated were two times more likely to have mental distress Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 7 / 10 than their counter parts (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83). However, the present study did not show any association between mental distress and academic performance.

EARLIER¶51-55

Academic factors were found to be other factors associated with mental distress. Students whose grade was lower than anticipated were two times more likely to have mental distress Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 7 / 10 than their counter parts (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83). However, the present study did not show any association between mental distress and academic performance. In this study, social support was also found to be another determinant factor for mental distress in students. Having high level of social support from significant others were negatively associated with mental distress. In this study, students with low social support were more than two times more likely to have mental distress as compared to those students with high social support AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58–4.22). This finding is also supported by other studies [32, 44, 46]. This could be due to its effect on hypothalamic pitutary adrenocortical (HPA) system in reducing genetic and environmental vulnerabilities. Furthermore, It is also important for maintaining good physical and mental health [47]. Limitation of the study This study has some important limitations that should be kept in mind when interpreting the results. First, the cross-sectional nature of the study design does not confirm definitive cause and effect relationship. Furthermore, the study may prone to reporting bias since the data was collected based on self-reported information. Finally; reports for some of the questions were past history or encounters which are prone to recall bias. Conclusion and Recommendation The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. The prevalence of mental distress was relatively high among female students. Being female sex, lack of interest towards the field of study, not having close friends, never attend religious programs, conflict with friends, absence of pocket money, having financial distress, family history of mental illness, ever use of Khat, lower grade than anticipated, lack of vacation or break, and low to moderate social support were factors associated with mental distress. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Programs aimed at preventing mental distress need to address these identified factors of mental distress against students.

EARLIER¶48-52

The study also found that mental distress was significantly associated with religious practice. Students who were involved in religious program, irrespective of their religion, were less likely to be mentally distressed. This finding is supported by the other studies done in Ethiopia [23, 37]. This could be due to the fact that religious teaching helps in stress management. Furthermore, it facilitates the development of adaptive behaviors [41, 42] On the other hand, students who ever had conflict with their room mates were mentally distressed (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.41–2.65). This finding is consistent with a study in Adama University [23]. This might be due to the fact that, campus life where students live together in a group; conflicts may break social ties and might result in a stressful situation. In addition, ever use of khat was found to be a significant factor of mental distress. Students who ever use khat were 1.7 times more likely to have mental distress as compared to students who never use khat. This finding is in line with other studies in Ethiopia [23, 43]and Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil [44]. This may be due to the fact that substance use leads to inefficiency in life function, impaired relationship and sleep difficulty. Furthermore, substance use is associated with increased absenteeism from class and poor cadmic performance which can further lead to mental distress in students [45]. However, since the study is a cross-sectional, it is difficult to ascertain the direction of causality. Academic factors were found to be other factors associated with mental distress. Students whose grade was lower than anticipated were two times more likely to have mental distress Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 7 / 10 than their counter parts (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83). However, the present study did not show any association between mental distress and academic performance.

EARLIER¶48-52

The study also found that mental distress was significantly associated with religious practice. Students who were involved in religious program, irrespective of their religion, were less likely to be mentally distressed. This finding is supported by the other studies done in Ethiopia [23, 37]. This could be due to the fact that religious teaching helps in stress management. Furthermore, it facilitates the development of adaptive behaviors [41, 42] On the other hand, students who ever had conflict with their room mates were mentally distressed (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.41–2.65). This finding is consistent with a study in Adama University [23]. This might be due to the fact that, campus life where students live together in a group; conflicts may break social ties and might result in a stressful situation. In addition, ever use of khat was found to be a significant factor of mental distress. Students who ever use khat were 1.7 times more likely to have mental distress as compared to students who never use khat. This finding is in line with other studies in Ethiopia [23, 43]and Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil [44]. This may be due to the fact that substance use leads to inefficiency in life function, impaired relationship and sleep difficulty. Furthermore, substance use is associated with increased absenteeism from class and poor cadmic performance which can further lead to mental distress in students [45]. However, since the study is a cross-sectional, it is difficult to ascertain the direction of causality. Academic factors were found to be other factors associated with mental distress. Students whose grade was lower than anticipated were two times more likely to have mental distress Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 7 / 10 than their counter parts (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83). However, the present study did not show any association between mental distress and academic performance.

EARLIER¶51-55

Academic factors were found to be other factors associated with mental distress. Students whose grade was lower than anticipated were two times more likely to have mental distress Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 7 / 10 than their counter parts (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83). However, the present study did not show any association between mental distress and academic performance. In this study, social support was also found to be another determinant factor for mental distress in students. Having high level of social support from significant others were negatively associated with mental distress. In this study, students with low social support were more than two times more likely to have mental distress as compared to those students with high social support AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58–4.22). This finding is also supported by other studies [32, 44, 46]. This could be due to its effect on hypothalamic pitutary adrenocortical (HPA) system in reducing genetic and environmental vulnerabilities. Furthermore, It is also important for maintaining good physical and mental health [47]. Limitation of the study This study has some important limitations that should be kept in mind when interpreting the results. First, the cross-sectional nature of the study design does not confirm definitive cause and effect relationship. Furthermore, the study may prone to reporting bias since the data was collected based on self-reported information. Finally; reports for some of the questions were past history or encounters which are prone to recall bias. Conclusion and Recommendation The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. The prevalence of mental distress was relatively high among female students. Being female sex, lack of interest towards the field of study, not having close friends, never attend religious programs, conflict with friends, absence of pocket money, having financial distress, family history of mental illness, ever use of Khat, lower grade than anticipated, lack of vacation or break, and low to moderate social support were factors associated with mental distress. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Programs aimed at preventing mental distress need to address these identified factors of mental distress against students.

EARLIER¶51-55

Academic factors were found to be other factors associated with mental distress. Students whose grade was lower than anticipated were two times more likely to have mental distress Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 7 / 10 than their counter parts (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83). However, the present study did not show any association between mental distress and academic performance. In this study, social support was also found to be another determinant factor for mental distress in students. Having high level of social support from significant others were negatively associated with mental distress. In this study, students with low social support were more than two times more likely to have mental distress as compared to those students with high social support AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58–4.22). This finding is also supported by other studies [32, 44, 46]. This could be due to its effect on hypothalamic pitutary adrenocortical (HPA) system in reducing genetic and environmental vulnerabilities. Furthermore, It is also important for maintaining good physical and mental health [47]. Limitation of the study This study has some important limitations that should be kept in mind when interpreting the results. First, the cross-sectional nature of the study design does not confirm definitive cause and effect relationship. Furthermore, the study may prone to reporting bias since the data was collected based on self-reported information. Finally; reports for some of the questions were past history or encounters which are prone to recall bias. Conclusion and Recommendation The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. The prevalence of mental distress was relatively high among female students. Being female sex, lack of interest towards the field of study, not having close friends, never attend religious programs, conflict with friends, absence of pocket money, having financial distress, family history of mental illness, ever use of Khat, lower grade than anticipated, lack of vacation or break, and low to moderate social support were factors associated with mental distress. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Programs aimed at preventing mental distress need to address these identified factors of mental distress against students.

EARLIER¶48-52

The study also found that mental distress was significantly associated with religious practice. Students who were involved in religious program, irrespective of their religion, were less likely to be mentally distressed. This finding is supported by the other studies done in Ethiopia [23, 37]. This could be due to the fact that religious teaching helps in stress management. Furthermore, it facilitates the development of adaptive behaviors [41, 42] On the other hand, students who ever had conflict with their room mates were mentally distressed (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.41–2.65). This finding is consistent with a study in Adama University [23]. This might be due to the fact that, campus life where students live together in a group; conflicts may break social ties and might result in a stressful situation. In addition, ever use of khat was found to be a significant factor of mental distress. Students who ever use khat were 1.7 times more likely to have mental distress as compared to students who never use khat. This finding is in line with other studies in Ethiopia [23, 43]and Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil [44]. This may be due to the fact that substance use leads to inefficiency in life function, impaired relationship and sleep difficulty. Furthermore, substance use is associated with increased absenteeism from class and poor cadmic performance which can further lead to mental distress in students [45]. However, since the study is a cross-sectional, it is difficult to ascertain the direction of causality. Academic factors were found to be other factors associated with mental distress. Students whose grade was lower than anticipated were two times more likely to have mental distress Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 7 / 10 than their counter parts (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83). However, the present study did not show any association between mental distress and academic performance.

EARLIER¶51-55

Academic factors were found to be other factors associated with mental distress. Students whose grade was lower than anticipated were two times more likely to have mental distress Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 7 / 10 than their counter parts (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83). However, the present study did not show any association between mental distress and academic performance. In this study, social support was also found to be another determinant factor for mental distress in students. Having high level of social support from significant others were negatively associated with mental distress. In this study, students with low social support were more than two times more likely to have mental distress as compared to those students with high social support AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58–4.22). This finding is also supported by other studies [32, 44, 46]. This could be due to its effect on hypothalamic pitutary adrenocortical (HPA) system in reducing genetic and environmental vulnerabilities. Furthermore, It is also important for maintaining good physical and mental health [47]. Limitation of the study This study has some important limitations that should be kept in mind when interpreting the results. First, the cross-sectional nature of the study design does not confirm definitive cause and effect relationship. Furthermore, the study may prone to reporting bias since the data was collected based on self-reported information. Finally; reports for some of the questions were past history or encounters which are prone to recall bias. Conclusion and Recommendation The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. The prevalence of mental distress was relatively high among female students. Being female sex, lack of interest towards the field of study, not having close friends, never attend religious programs, conflict with friends, absence of pocket money, having financial distress, family history of mental illness, ever use of Khat, lower grade than anticipated, lack of vacation or break, and low to moderate social support were factors associated with mental distress. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Programs aimed at preventing mental distress need to address these identified factors of mental distress against students.

EARLIER¶53-57

In this study, social support was also found to be another determinant factor for mental distress in students. Having high level of social support from significant others were negatively associated with mental distress. In this study, students with low social support were more than two times more likely to have mental distress as compared to those students with high social support AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58–4.22). This finding is also supported by other studies [32, 44, 46]. This could be due to its effect on hypothalamic pitutary adrenocortical (HPA) system in reducing genetic and environmental vulnerabilities. Furthermore, It is also important for maintaining good physical and mental health [47]. Limitation of the study This study has some important limitations that should be kept in mind when interpreting the results. First, the cross-sectional nature of the study design does not confirm definitive cause and effect relationship. Furthermore, the study may prone to reporting bias since the data was collected based on self-reported information. Finally; reports for some of the questions were past history or encounters which are prone to recall bias. Conclusion and Recommendation The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. The prevalence of mental distress was relatively high among female students. Being female sex, lack of interest towards the field of study, not having close friends, never attend religious programs, conflict with friends, absence of pocket money, having financial distress, family history of mental illness, ever use of Khat, lower grade than anticipated, lack of vacation or break, and low to moderate social support were factors associated with mental distress. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Programs aimed at preventing mental distress need to address these identified factors of mental distress against students. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank facilitators and the study participants for their dedicated cooperation and made the study possible. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: BAD. Performed the experiments: BAD TAB RBG. Analyzed the data: BAD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BAD TAB RBG. Wrote the paper: BAD TAB RBG.

EARLIER¶22-26

Prevalence of mental distress Prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9% (95% CI 37.6, 44.1%). Relatively high (44.6%) prevalence of mental distress was found among female students as compared to males (38.8%). The distribution of SRQ-20 showed a mean score of 6.53 (±4.14) ranging from 0 to 20. Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 4 / 10 vacation or break, and social support were significantly associated factors of mental distress among respondents (Table 2). Discussion The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9% in the current study. This finding is lower as compared to studies in USA (57%) [19] Australia (53%) [20] and Brazil (44.7%) [29]. The difference could be attributed to the socio, cultural and environmental factors. It was also lower when compared with study in Hawassa University, Ethiopia 49.1% [30]. This might be due to time variation; the improvement of infrastructure and a service option provided by school authorities from time to time. However, the prevalence in the current study was higher when compared with studies in France (25.7%) [31], Norway (22.9%) [32], Iceland (22.5%) [33] and Australia (19.2%) [10]. Table 1. Socio demographic characteristics of the respondents, University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, April 2014 (n = 836). Variables Frequency Percent (%)

EARLIER¶6-10

Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the manuscript and on Figshare via http://dx. doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1295936. Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 2.59), lower grade than anticipated(AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83), lack of vacation or break (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.06–2.02), and low social support(AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58– 4.22) were significantly associated with mental distress. Conclusion The overall prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Currently mental distress is an important public health problem and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for one third of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [4, 5]. In Africa mental illness is an important public health challenge that is under recognized as a public burden. Studies conducted in South Africa revealed that the prevalence of common mental disorders is 27% [6] In Ethiopia mental disorders account for 11% of total burden of diseases [7]. Although mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; students have significantly high level of psychological distress than their community peers [8–10]. This is due to the fact that university students face multiple stressors such as academic load, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers, financial burden, peer, teacher or parental pressure as well as concerns about the future [11, 12]. This can have negative effects on student’s ability to study and academic outcomes [10, 13, 14]. Such situation of stress may later lead to mental health problems but students seldom seek help for their problems [15–17]. A study among undergraduate students in Canada showed that 30% of students had psychological distresses which was significantly higher than that of adults in the general population of Canada [18]. Furthermore, more than half of students in USA [19] 53% of students in Australia [20] 41.9% of students in Malaysia [21] 10.8% of students in Kenya [22] and 21.6% of students in Ethiopia [23] experienced mental distress. Another study in Ethiopia revealed that 32.6% of medical students experienced mental distress[24]. However, since this study was done only on medical students and with small sample size (273), it may not represent all University students in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study was done in 2001 which may not reflect the current status of mental distress among University students in Ethiopia.

EARLIER¶1-5

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of mental distress among undergraduate students of University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 836 students from April 9–11/ 2014. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using pretested and structured self-administered questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with mental distress among students. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was computed to determine the level of significance. Results Prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9%. Female sex (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI 1.17–2.30), lack of interest towards their field of study (AOR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.49–3.50), not having close friends (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.03–2.14), never attend religious programs (AOR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.02–2.46), conflict with friends (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.41–2.65), having financial distress (AOR1.49 = 95% CI 1.05, 2.10), family history of mental illness (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI 1.31–3.45), Ever use of Khat (AOR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.12– PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 1 / 10 a11111 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Dachew BA, Azale Bisetegn T, Berhe Gebremariam R (2015) Prevalence of Mental Distress and Associated Factors among Undergraduate Students of University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Institutional Based Study. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0119464. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 Copyright: © 2015 Dachew et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

EARLIER¶20-24

Ethics statement The study was approved by the Institute Review Board (IRB) of the University of Gondar. Written Informed consent was obtained from respondents who were selected to participate in the study. Results Socio demographic characteristics of the respondents Out of 872 study participants, 836 students participated in the study giving response rate of 95.87%. Most 538 (64.4%) respondents were male. The mean (standard deviation) age of the respondents was 20 (±1.54) years. The higher percentages of the respondents were from urban background 544 (65.1%). About three fourth of the respondents 618 (73.9%) were followers of Orthodox Christianity and majority of the respondents 714 (85.5%) take part in religious practice. About 270 (32.3%) of the respondents were from faculty of technology and more than one third of the respondents 286 (34.2%) were first year in academic enrollment. Out of the total respondents 675(80.7%) joined the department by their choice and most 706 (84.4%) were currently interested in their felid of study. Five hundred twenty one (62.3%) of the respondents had pocket money ranging from minimum of 50 to maximum of 2000 Ethiopian birr per month and 97(11.6%) of the respondents had family history of mental illness (Table 1). Prevalence of mental distress Prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9% (95% CI 37.6, 44.1%). Relatively high (44.6%) prevalence of mental distress was found among female students as compared to males (38.8%). The distribution of SRQ-20 showed a mean score of 6.53 (±4.14) ranging from 0 to 20. Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 4 / 10 vacation or break, and social support were significantly associated factors of mental distress among respondents (Table 2). Discussion The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be 40.9% in the current study. This finding is lower as compared to studies in USA (57%) [19] Australia (53%) [20] and Brazil (44.7%) [29]. The difference could be attributed to the socio, cultural and environmental factors. It was also lower when compared with study in Hawassa University, Ethiopia 49.1% [30]. This might be due to time variation; the improvement of infrastructure and a service option provided by school authorities from time to time.

EARLIER¶53-57

In this study, social support was also found to be another determinant factor for mental distress in students. Having high level of social support from significant others were negatively associated with mental distress. In this study, students with low social support were more than two times more likely to have mental distress as compared to those students with high social support AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58–4.22). This finding is also supported by other studies [32, 44, 46]. This could be due to its effect on hypothalamic pitutary adrenocortical (HPA) system in reducing genetic and environmental vulnerabilities. Furthermore, It is also important for maintaining good physical and mental health [47]. Limitation of the study This study has some important limitations that should be kept in mind when interpreting the results. First, the cross-sectional nature of the study design does not confirm definitive cause and effect relationship. Furthermore, the study may prone to reporting bias since the data was collected based on self-reported information. Finally; reports for some of the questions were past history or encounters which are prone to recall bias. Conclusion and Recommendation The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. The prevalence of mental distress was relatively high among female students. Being female sex, lack of interest towards the field of study, not having close friends, never attend religious programs, conflict with friends, absence of pocket money, having financial distress, family history of mental illness, ever use of Khat, lower grade than anticipated, lack of vacation or break, and low to moderate social support were factors associated with mental distress. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Programs aimed at preventing mental distress need to address these identified factors of mental distress against students. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank facilitators and the study participants for their dedicated cooperation and made the study possible. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: BAD. Performed the experiments: BAD TAB RBG. Analyzed the data: BAD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BAD TAB RBG. Wrote the paper: BAD TAB RBG.

EARLIER¶6-10

Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the manuscript and on Figshare via http://dx. doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1295936. Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 2.59), lower grade than anticipated(AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83), lack of vacation or break (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.06–2.02), and low social support(AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58– 4.22) were significantly associated with mental distress. Conclusion The overall prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Currently mental distress is an important public health problem and it is a leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for one third of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [4, 5]. In Africa mental illness is an important public health challenge that is under recognized as a public burden. Studies conducted in South Africa revealed that the prevalence of common mental disorders is 27% [6] In Ethiopia mental disorders account for 11% of total burden of diseases [7]. Although mental health problems affect society as a whole and no group is immune to mental disorders; students have significantly high level of psychological distress than their community peers [8–10]. This is due to the fact that university students face multiple stressors such as academic load, constant pressure to succeed, competition with peers, financial burden, peer, teacher or parental pressure as well as concerns about the future [11, 12]. This can have negative effects on student’s ability to study and academic outcomes [10, 13, 14]. Such situation of stress may later lead to mental health problems but students seldom seek help for their problems [15–17]. A study among undergraduate students in Canada showed that 30% of students had psychological distresses which was significantly higher than that of adults in the general population of Canada [18]. Furthermore, more than half of students in USA [19] 53% of students in Australia [20] 41.9% of students in Malaysia [21] 10.8% of students in Kenya [22] and 21.6% of students in Ethiopia [23] experienced mental distress. Another study in Ethiopia revealed that 32.6% of medical students experienced mental distress[24]. However, since this study was done only on medical students and with small sample size (273), it may not represent all University students in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study was done in 2001 which may not reflect the current status of mental distress among University students in Ethiopia.

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Mental Distress among University Students in Ethiopia PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119464 March 20, 2015 7 / 10 than their counter parts (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.51–2.83). However, the present study did not show any association between mental distress and academic performance. In this study, social support was also found to be another determinant factor for mental distress in students. Having high level of social support from significant others were negatively associated with mental distress. In this study, students with low social support were more than two times more likely to have mental distress as compared to those students with high social support AOR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.58–4.22). This finding is also supported by other studies [32, 44, 46]. This could be due to its effect on hypothalamic pitutary adrenocortical (HPA) system in reducing genetic and environmental vulnerabilities. Furthermore, It is also important for maintaining good physical and mental health [47]. Limitation of the study This study has some important limitations that should be kept in mind when interpreting the results. First, the cross-sectional nature of the study design does not confirm definitive cause and effect relationship. Furthermore, the study may prone to reporting bias since the data was collected based on self-reported information. Finally; reports for some of the questions were past history or encounters which are prone to recall bias. Conclusion and Recommendation The prevalence of mental distress among students was found to be high. The prevalence of mental distress was relatively high among female students. Being female sex, lack of interest towards the field of study, not having close friends, never attend religious programs, conflict with friends, absence of pocket money, having financial distress, family history of mental illness, ever use of Khat, lower grade than anticipated, lack of vacation or break, and low to moderate social support were factors associated with mental distress. Therefore, it is recommended that mental distress needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. Programs aimed at preventing mental distress need to address these identified factors of mental distress against students. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank facilitators and the study participants for their dedicated cooperation and made the study possible. Author Contributions